If we divide the era of the leadership of the USSR by I.V. Stalin (and this is almost 30 years) into three stages, then these decades can be called periods of formation Soviet Union, his struggle for existence in the war with Germany and the return of former power after the Victory.

Crime in the USSR just under Stalin acquired a strong thieves' ideology and, despite the generally accepted point of view about reducing the level of crime under the "father of nations", it was not easy to fight bandits, both before the war, and during, and after it.

pre-war situation

Until the 1930s, the centers of the underworld were such places as the Moscow Khitrov market, Odessa Deribasovskaya street. Over time, they have lost their former significance. With the beginning of the new decade, the level of crime decreased somewhat - there were fewer counter-revolutionary manifestations, murders and banditry, and robberies. On the contrary, the number of frauds, various frauds with bills increased - until 1931, private trade had not yet been abolished in the USSR.

At the same time, banditry as such did not go underground. For example, in the 1930s in Moscow they could not catch the raider Mikhail Yermilov, nicknamed Khrynya, for a long time. Departing from the Murovites, Khrynya somehow killed one of them. When the bandit was nevertheless caught, he escaped from the convoy by jumping out the window. After a long search, Yermilov was nevertheless found, he was shot dead during the arrest.

A feature of the second half of the 30s is the politicization of crime: Stalinist repressions affected both the highest echelons of power and the common people - "enemies", "terrorists", "foreign spies" were sentenced to imprisonment by hundreds of thousands. In the camps, they had to coexist with the institution of "thieves in law" and "thieves" that had already been formed by that time.

Rampant banditry in the Great Patriotic War

Taking advantage of the situation that had arisen, the bandits behaved boldly and cruelly, especially since there was no shortage of weapons. Beginning in 1942, cases of murders and robberies with the aim of taking food cards and the products themselves became more frequent. In the USSR, the crime rate this year increased by 22% compared to the previous one, and in 1943 this trend continued. In particular, the number of serious crimes- murders, robberies, robberies ...

For example, in Saratov rampant banditry reached catastrophic proportions - there for a long time there were gangs of Lugovsky - Bizyaev, Zhilin, which inspired fear in the entire region.

Speculators and thieves proliferated. The NKVD confiscated more than 9 million in cash, a large amount of gold and other valuables from St. Petersburg crooks alone. As well as an impressive arsenal of weapons (over a thousand rifles, over 800 grenades, machine guns and machine guns...). And all this was in besieged Leningrad!

In the remote regions of the USSR, in particular, in Siberia, bandits also raged. The history of the Evenk Pavlov's gang is widely known. They attacked cattlemen, prospectors and just residents of settlements.

The ranks of bandits were replenished by deserters who had fled from the front. As of September 1944, SMERSH caught over 80,000 such fugitives throughout the country, and almost the same number of evaders from military service.

Post-war situation

The largest number of manifestations of banditry in the post-war USSR was noted on the western borders of the country - in Ukraine, in the Baltic countries and in Belarus. Bandits were especially rampant in Western Ukraine and Lithuania.

In the early 50s, the Mitin gang was the most famous in the Moscow region, in 2 years it stole 200 thousand rubles.

In post-war Odessa, which was overwhelmed by street crime, the disgraced Marshal Georgy Zhukov put things in order. Not everything there was as shown in the famous film by Sergei Ursulyak "Liquidation", but Zhukov acted really tough and managed to achieve success in a short time.

There was also corruption under Stalin - the post-war situation created a lot of reasons and opportunities for various kinds of fraud and speculation. The case of the so-called Leningrad "scorpions" - crooks who forged miscellaneous documents. This gang included hundreds current employees law enforcement agencies, government officials. The case was so resonant that a dozen and a half representatives of the leadership of the Leningrad Region Executive Committee lost their posts, and key characters were shot, lifting the moratorium imposed on death penalty in 1947.

The executives of "Rosglavkhleb", "Glavvin" - many public institutions and organizations where it was possible to pull off any "gray" schemes for enrichment.

The growth of crime in Russia began long before the revolution. This was convincingly shown by S. S. Ostroumov in his work on the analysis of crime in pre-revolutionary Russia, although there were no holistic and well comparable data in those years. During the years 1874-1894, the growth of crime in Russia exceeded the population growth. Similar trends in the growth of crime continued in subsequent years. Only in connection with the murders in 1909 there were 30,942 investigations, and in 1913 - 34,438, i.e. 11.3% more. And the absolute numbers themselves testified to a very high level of violent deprivation of life. The total number of criminal cases before the First World War reached 2.5 million. This is approximately 1500-2000 criminal cases per 100 thousand inhabitants. And in each criminal case there could be several accused and crimes.

Since 1922 there are more or less comparable data on the number of convicts.

Dynamics of the population and criminal record in the USSR (RSFSR) (1922-1960)

Data on convictions for 1922-1935 are given in the table not only

USSR, but also in the RSFSR. This was done for the following reasons. Judicial statistics of convicts in the USSR was introduced in 1922. The information collected was incomplete. In 1922, they gathered in 49 districts (oblasts and territories), in 1923 17 were added to them, and in 1925 - 5 more districts. In the RSFSR, criminal records began to be tested in 1918 and were somewhat more complete. In addition, the lack of information about a criminal record in the USSR for 1930-1934 is to a certain extent made up for by data on the RSFSR. Information on the RSFSR is also incomplete. The number of convicts in 1922-1935 is given without data in the autonomous republics, and there were 8 of them in those years (Bashkir, Mountain, Dagestan, Kirghiz (Kazakh), Crimean, Tatar, Turkestan, Yakut).

The data given in the table does not include those convicted of “political” (counter-revolutionary), “labor” (violations of labor discipline) acts and crimes of servicemen (military and general criminal). Counter-revolutionary crime has always been taken into account in a special way, it was purely departmental and strictly classified.

A significant contribution to the development of criminology before the revolution and the first decade after it was made by: M.N. Gernet, S.K. Gogel, A.A. Gertsenzon, A.A. Zhizhilenko, M. M. Isaev, A. A. Piontkovsky, S. V. Poznyshev, N. N. Polyansky, B. S. Utevsky, M. P. Chubinsky. First of all, it should be noted the well-known works of M. N. Gernet “Public factors of crime” (1906), “Moral statistics” (1922), “Historical review of the study of crime in pre-revolutionary Russia and the USSR” (1944) , "Crime abroad and the USSR" (1935), "Statistics of urban and rural crime" (1927).

After the revolution of 1917, the study of crime and its causes, prevention measures and the identity of the criminal was continued. As early as 1818, the first cabinet for the study of the criminal and crime was created in Petrograd. Then such an office was created in Saratov, which was called the Saratov office of criminological anthropology and forensic medical examination. Only later was an office for the study of crime and the personality of the criminal created in Moscow. Similar offices were in Kharkov, Kyiv and other places. And there was an organizational basis for the study of crime, its causes and the identity of the criminal, because already in July 18, a department of moral statistics was created in the system of the Central Statistical Bureau of the RSFSR, including criminal statistics. During this period, starting from the 18th year, statistics were published on the state of crime, primarily in the RSFSR. Statistical collections were published every year and it was possible to analyze these data that were published.

In addition, since 1918, the journal Proletarian Revolution and Law has been published, in which science articles on the study of criminals, crime in general, the causes of crime, etc. That is, there was a fairly solid organizational base.

But then gradually everything began to curl up Scientific research crime and organizational foundations collapse. Already in the 25th year, instead of offices for the study of criminals and crime, a whole institute was created under the NKVD of the RSFSR - State Institute on the study of criminals and crime. All these studies began to be carried out under the control of the NKVD. Over the 5 years of its existence (it existed until the 1930s), of course, some studies were carried out, a number of articles were published.

Students of law schools and faculty of law schools took an active part in criminological research. They introduced special questionnaires and programs to obtain data on the social, value-oriented and other characteristics of persons who commit crimes, passing through the People's Commissariat of Justice and Public administration places of detention.

In the 30s of the 20th century, all scientific research declined sharply, the publication of statistics on the state of crime ceased, it became secret. Offices and laboratories for the study of the criminal and crime were liquidated everywhere. The State Institute for the Study of Criminal and Correctional Labor Policy was established under the USSR Prosecutor's Office and the People's Commissariat of Justice of the RSFSR. And then very quickly it was reformed into the All-Union Institute legal sciences People's Commissar of Justice of the USSR.

From the mid-1930s to 1956, criminology, as a servant of the bourgeoisie, actually ceased to exist. The Soviet leaders proceeded from the fact that socialism does not have its own causes of crime and therefore criminological research is not needed Ustinov V. Essays on History national criminology. M., 2000..

In the 60s, there was a revival of domestic criminology, which is rapidly developing on the basis of communist ideology. In it, several postulates were indisputable for criminology. First, socialism does not contain the root causes of crime and does not generate them. The second - crime is transient, it will disappear with the construction of the highest phase of socialism - communism.

The rest of the Soviet criminologists were free in their work Luneev VV Crime of the 20th century. World, regional and Russian trends. M., 2003..

The first monographic works created by the representatives of criminal law were widely known. Among them are the books of A. B. Sakharov “On the identity of the criminal and the causes of crime in the USSR” (1961), A. A. Gertsenzon “Introduction to Soviet criminology” (1965), “ Criminal law and Sociology" (1970), M. I. Kovaleva "Fundamentals of Criminology" (1970), V. N. Kudryavtseva "Causality in Criminology" (1968), I. I. Karpets "The Problem of Crime", A. M. Yakovleva "Crime and social Psychology"(1970), V.K. Zvirbula" The activities of the prosecutor's office to prevent crime ( scientific foundations)" (1971), the first textbook "Criminology" (1966, 1968 and 1976).

Outstanding criminologists in this period were I. I. Karpets, V. N. Kudryavtsev, N. F. Kuznetsova, A. B. Sakharov and A. M. Yakovlev, who in 1983 received the State Prize of the USSR, Yu. D. Bluvshtein, K. E. Igoshev, G. M. Minkovsky, N. A. Struchkov and others.

In the 70-90s, the problems of the causes of crime (A. I. Dolgova, I. I. Karpets, N. F. Kuznetsova, etc.), crime (N. F. Kuznetsova, S. E. Vitsin, V V. Lunev and others), the mechanism of criminal behavior and the identity of the offender (Yu. M. Antonyan, P. S. Dagel, etc.), victimology (L. V. Frank, D. V. Rivman, etc.), forecasting and planning the fight against crime (G. A. Avanesov, S. V. Borodin, etc.), crime prevention (A. A. Alekseev, A. E. Zhalinsky, G. M. Minkovsky, etc.), juvenile delinquency (G. M. Minkovsky, E. V Boldyrev, etc.), organized crime (A. I. Gurov, V. S. Ustinov, etc.), violent crime (Yu. M. Antonyan, S. B. Alimov, etc.) , recidivism (A. I. Alekseev, Yu. I. Bytko, etc.), economic and other acquisitive crimes(G. V. Dashkov, V. S. Ustinov and others), careless crime (V. A. Serebryakova, V. E. Kvashis, V. B. Yastrebov).

With the weakening of total control over the activities and behavior of people in the second half of the 50s, criminality in the USSR began to change not according to “ours”, but according to the global laws discovered by K. Marx, i.e. it became grow faster than the population.

If we take 1956 as the base year, the year of the first attempt to destroy Stalinism, then in 1957 the crime rate increased by 16.9%, in 1958 by 29.9%, or 880,332 crimes. The growth of crime, which was natural in those years, was intensified by the results of a broad and undifferentiated amnesty for criminals on March 27, 1953, most of whom ended up in prison again in subsequent years.

In 1965, 751,801 crimes were recorded. These figures were the lowest during the operation of the criminal legislation of the 60s. The crime rate was 328, and the criminal record was 249 per 100,000 inhabitants.

In 1966, recorded crime increased by 18.1%. From this year, the year of the first "strengthening" criminal liability, crime began to grow intensively. In this regard, only one Central Committee of the CPSU adopted more than 15 open and closed resolutions aimed at strengthening the fight against crime and its reduction, and amendments and additions were almost continuously made to the criminal laws for the same purposes. However, the state of affairs not only did not improve, but consistently and naturally deteriorated.

The destruction of the Stalinist regime, which kept the people in fear, a sip of freedom and voluntarism in solving socio-economic and criminological problems in the time of Khrushchev, and especially the generalized decomposition of public, including legal, relations in the Brezhnev period of stagnation, despite the constant calls of the authorities to a reduction in crime and a return to some Stalinist methods of social control, was the background against which an intensive increase in crime was recorded. With the forced liberalization of totalitarianism, all the criminological advantages of socialism dried up Luneev VV Crime of the 20th century. World, regional and Russian trends. M., 2003..

The growth rate of crime over the years, depending on objective and subjective conditions, fluctuated significantly, reaching 31.8% in 1989. Similar "ups" of crime were observed in 1958 (29.9%), 1961 (34.7%), 1966 (18.1%) and in 1983 (21.7%) years.

Dynamics of population and crime in the USSR in 1956-1991

	Population	Recorded crimes	Crime rate
abs. index		rate of increase	abs. index		rate of increase			rate of increase

Most of the “ups” of crime in certain years are associated with significant changes criminal policy and criminal legislation, judicial and registration practice. The penultimate rise in crime in 1983, for example, was due not so much to a real increase in criminal manifestations as to their greater "revealing" on the basis of the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of January 12, 1983 "On the activities of the USSR Prosecutor's Office" ( the effect of Andropov, who tried to strengthen labor discipline and law and order in the country by police methods).

The growth of crime in 1988-1991 is associated with the manifestation of a global trend in the "perestroika" conditions of a significant imbalance of both being and consciousness. During these years, “a “war of laws” began, in which not the central, but local authorities, the Soviet Union collapsed. The attitude to the norms of morality also suffered; in the media, in Everyday life sex, violence, self-interest, intolerance and permissiveness began to be promoted. All this meant destruction normative order which goes in crisis situations hand in hand with the deformation of social institutions and other components of the social sphere as a whole.

The share of mercenary acts in the mid-60s was 40-45%, and in 1990, according to accounting data, it increased to 70%. In fact, at the end of the existence of the USSR, more than 80% of only registered acts were committed for selfish motives, the latency of which is the highest.

Crime in the USSR in 1970

Total number of crimes- 1,046,336 (in 1969 - 969,186) - growth;

premeditated killings- 15,265 (in 1969 - 14,715) - growth;

assassination attempts- 4707 (in 1969 - 4677) - growth;

robbery murders- 263 (in 1969 - 257) - growth;

murder with rape- 203 (in 1969 - 196) - growth;

hooligan murders- 3240 (in 1969 - 3279) - fall;

murders due to jealousy and quarrels- 9633 (in 1969 - 9348) - growth;

mother's murder of a newborn- 489 (in 1969 - 494) - fall;

attacks on police officers- 421 (in 1969 - 368) - growth;

robberies- 32,871 (in 1969 - 31,188) - growth;

robberies- 6898 (in 1969 - 6698) - growth;

intentional grievous bodily harm- 21,803 (in 1969 - 20,100) - growth;

rape- 13,859 (in 1969 - 12,943) - growth;

hooliganism- 240,939 (in 1969 - 234,052) - growth;

crimes in the army- 16,173 (in 1969 - 16,978) - fall;

corrupt practices- 2954 (in 1969 - 2407) - growth.

As we see, in 1970 there was an increase in many types of crimes. Yes, the quantity intentional killings increased by 550 cases, rape - by 916, grievous bodily harm - by 1703, and the total number of crimes increased by almost 77 thousand. However, on the scale of a country of almost 270 million people, this was an insignificant growth, and secondly, a natural, evolutionary one, so to speak. But even he seriously worried the Soviet authorities and forced them to take serious measures to curb it. Suffice it to say that in the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs alone, dozens of regulations were adopted that year (more than in previous years), which aimed to improve the work of the police and ensure the stability of the criminal situation in the country. Here are just a few of those acts.

For example, as the automotive industry developed in the USSR, the number of offenses in this area also increased. Thus, about 6-8 thousand people died on Soviet roads every year under the wheels of cars (in today's Russia, more than 33 thousand people died in 2006 alone). As a result, on January 23, 1970, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR issued an order regulating the unified procedure for recording road accidents on the territory of the USSR and obliging to study and eliminate the causes that led to offenses against Vehicle and people's health.

In general, only a person who did not live in the Soviet years can believe in all those anti-Soviet stories that are spread in Russia and the CIS countries about the "horrors" that existed in the USSR. Did then millions of homeless children live at railway stations and engage in theft and begging? Unless then, underage girls went into prostitution, and boys joined the ranks of alcoholics and drug addicts in rows and columns (by the way, the first hospital for the treatment of underage alcoholics aged 12-14 opened in Russia today, in 2006, and not during the years of Soviet power)? And all these vices exist not in spite of the current government, but precisely because of it. After all, juvenile station beggars and prostitutes not only feed themselves, but also share with the police, who “protect” them, and the latter “unfasten” part of their income upstairs - to the city authorities. The same is done by "vodka", "tobacco", "gambling" and drug kingpins, who benefit from getting drunk and putting on drugs and gambling "needle" teenagers, who make up a significant percentage of the population that uses their products. Take the same gambling business.

In Russia, according to 2006, there were 450,000 slot machines, of which 60,000 were in Moscow alone. A significant percentage of the players are teenagers. But this is not enough for gambling kings. And now in January 2007 our media reports that in Moscow, in shopping centers, the first children's (!) "one-armed bandits" in the form of roulette (that is, an analogue of an adult casino) are beginning to open. The whole difference between adult and children's machines is that children are given out prizes not with money, but with toys. However, this is deceit. Firstly, with the help of such "casinos" children are put on the "needle" of roulette, and secondly, they shake money out of their parents (to get a prize, you need to collect about 2 thousand tickets, which, if you win, are issued by the machine. A game token costs from 15 to 20 rubles, another 25 rubles must be paid for a card that gives access to the machine). Here is how the psychotherapist of the Institute of Social and Forensic Psychiatry named after V. Serbsky Natalya Shemchuk responded to this “know-how” on the pages of Komsomolskaya Pravda: “Roulette does not give anything. It only fixes signs in the subconscious of the child: red-black, jackpot, winning. Experiencing vivid sensations and memorizing them for these machines, then a person will strive for such signs ... "

However, back to 1970.

District police inspectors played an important role in crime prevention in the USSR. July 29, 1970 the light saw a new Instruction on the service of the district inspector, which made a lot of positive work in the work of this category of servants of the law. In particular, measures were taken to secure (at least three years) inspectors in a certain territory and to organize their work accordingly. Only lawyers with an education of at least average qualification were to be appointed to the position of a district police inspector. Measures were taken to improve living conditions, labor organization and logistics of the inspector.

September 15th in the bowels of the Union Ministry of Internal Affairs, another document appeared - “On measures to improve the legal education of workers”, which aimed to eliminate the legal incompetence of the population as a factor contributing to an increase in offenses. According to this document, the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs and its bodies were obliged to improve the quality of work to prevent violations of the law by police officers, to ensure the reception of the population and consider complaints, to promote legal knowledge and instill in citizens a deep respect for the laws.

11 and December 22 Two orders of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR saw the light at once, which were supposed to serve to eliminate the conditions conducive to the plunder of values ​​at night. It is worth noting that even in 1964 as an experiment, in some cities of the country, police guards were introduced instead of guards. This experiment was successful and 1967 began a gradual transition to militia protection. AT 1970, after the issuance of the above orders, night police units began to be created everywhere to replace the guard guards, and an auto-patrol service of private security appeared.

Of course, it cannot be said that all these orders were not devoid of certain shortcomings and were ideally executed, but on the whole they played a positive role in protecting public order, being the foundation of the situation in which the growth of crime in the USSR occurred at a snail's pace.

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The criminal situation in Russia has never been prosperous, or at least consistently moderate. This circumstance should be emphasized especially, since in recent times various aspects of the country's long past, what took place before 1917, are being idealized and embellished.

As a rule, in Russia the number of recorded crimes was quite significant, and their steady growth was observed. Thus, only serious crimes, measured by the number of criminal cases considered only by the so-called general judicial institutions, increased by 72.1% from 1890 to 1913. The growth rate of such crimes exceeded the population growth rate by 3 times. According to incomplete data, all Russian courts annually initiated from 3.5 to 4 million criminal cases, in which at least 2 million people were convicted. In the structure of crime, up to 2/3 were property crimes, there was professional crime.

Between October 1917 and 1961, i.e. with victory October revolution before the radical reform of the criminal law (1958-1961), crime in the country was undergoing significant changes. The crime of the first decade was most influenced by the causes and conditions associated with the situation and consequences of the First World War, revolution and civil war. In an instant, the centuries-old social, state, legal, and religious foundations of Russian society collapsed. Almost all the inhabitants of the country were drawn into the criminal maelstrom either as criminals (accomplices) or victims of crimes. Its direct and indirect victims (victims) were from a third to a half of the population. During the years of the civil war, banditry and riots became widespread, and the number of serious crimes against the person, robbery, robbery, and theft increased significantly. Has taken on a large scale economic crime- speculation, smuggling, fraud.

With the end of the civil war and the transition to a new economic policy in the dynamics of crime, a cessation of its growth rates is revealed, and downward trends are outlined. Reduced property crime. The main prerequisite for reducing crime was the beginning of the normalization economic life, as well as the whole situation in the country.

During the NEP period, the number of economic crimes owners and employees of private offices, shops, restaurants, etc. Among other crimes, hooliganism, theft, moonshine brewing are most widespread.

The proportion of juvenile delinquency has significantly decreased and, according to criminal statistics, was relatively small (3-5%).

In 1926-1929. The downward trend in the crime rate continues, albeit unevenly.

Since the beginning of the 1930s, regularities and tendencies characteristic of totalitarian regimes with their comprehensive control over people's behavior, complete economic dependence of citizens on the state, ideological unanimity, and the primacy of the state over the individual have become more and more manifest in the life of society. In addition, numerous crimes of the ruling elite remained unidentified and unpunished. These and some other reasons explained the relatively low level of crime in the 1930s.

During the years of the war with Nazi Germany (1941-1945), crime acquires a pronounced character of "militaryization". Desertion and other typical military crimes are on the rise in combat and home front conditions. Economic disasters revived mercenary and violent crime (robbery, robbery), as well as theft, speculation.

Post-war devastation, homelessness, homelessness led to an increase in both property and economic crimes, as well as violent crimes. The social maladjustment of a part of the demobilized, the firearms that settled in the hands of the population contributed to a surge in mercenary and violent crime, including banditry.

In subsequent years, the trend of economic and social stabilization led to a certain decrease in crime. However, from the second half of the 1950s, negative characteristics of the dynamics of crime began to prevail again.

From the mid-1960s to the first half of the 1980s (1965-1985), there was an increase in crime, and every five years the increase in average crime rates almost doubled.

The sharp surge in the number of registered crimes in 1983 was influenced by the increased requirements for registration discipline. In general, the crime figures indicated that the crisis of society was growing, crime was increasing and becoming more and more socially dangerous.

The period of perestroika was characterized by contradictory processes: in 1986-1987. - a decrease in situational, drunkenness-dependent crime with a simultaneous increase in its mercenary part, and since 1988 - an intensive increase in all crime.

In 1991, a sharp transition to the market took place in the country, which led to an equally rapid increase in crime, the peak values ​​of which were in 1993. Over 5 years, crime increased by 1.73 times. The situation has acquired the character of a criminal crisis, the main features of which are: a sharp decrease in the activity of law enforcement agencies in detecting and solving crimes (the detection rate in 1992 was 46.9%); reducing the proportion of arrests as a measure of restraint for committing dangerous crimes; reduction in the share of punishment in the form of imprisonment in overall structure punishments, and for many serious crimes against the backdrop of negative trends in crime. At the same time, this time was marked by a structural restructuring of crime, an increase in its organization, and a change in the forms of extremely socially dangerous behavior.

In 1995-1997 noted the positive results of intensifying the offensive against certain types crime, in particular, street, household. But at the same time, the situation with regard to organized crime continued to worsen, including in economic sphere, corruption, terrorism.

"In general, - as A. I. Dolgova notes, - crime rates have doubled over the years of reforms. In criminal activity representatives of almost all segments of the population began to be actively involved. Criminal behavior for many, it has become a way to solve vital problems in the face of falling production, living standards of the population, rising unemployment and homelessness, delays in the payment of wages, pensions and benefits.

AT last years crime continued to rise. In 1998, 2,581,940 crimes were registered in Russia (an increase of 7.7% compared to 1997), and 1,481,503 persons who committed crimes were identified (an increase of 8% compared to 1997). 1,837,910 crimes solved.

In 1999, registered crime for the first time crossed the three-million mark. In comparison with the previous year, in 1999 it increased by 16.3%. In the same year, 1,716,679 persons who committed crimes were identified. Most crimes are registered in cities - 2,125,453 (in countryside- 876 295). 208,313 crimes were registered with the participation of minors. Perfect persons those who do not have a permanent source of income - 1,204,327; foreigners and stateless persons - 31,105. The crime rate in Russia in 1999 was 2053/100,000. The highest crime rate was noted in Kurgan region(3855/100,000), Perm Region (3350/100,000), Khabarovsk Territory (3125/100,000). The lowest is in Dagestan (695/100,000), Moscow (815/100,000).

According to experts, a significant number of crimes remain outside of registration.

As for the trend of crime in Russia, it is similar to the global one: its intensive growth is observed everywhere. According to the latest UN survey (1985-1990), crime in the world is growing by 5% per year, and the population is about 1%.

For 1956-1991 absolute indicators of crime in the USSR increased by 5.6 times. During the same time, the population increased by 1.5 times. The crime rate per 100,000 population increased by 3.8 times, and it grew, thus, 4 times more intensively than the population. This trend was noticed by K. Marx more than a hundred years ago. He associated it with the decay of capitalism, but it turned out to be characteristic of socialism as well. The crime rate makes it possible to trace it in a comparable form in subsequent years in Russia. The underlying trend did not change and crime was on the rise. Only the rate of growth has increased. If in 1956 in the USSR 292.6 crimes were registered per 100 thousand of the total population, then in 1999 in Russia (with a huge latent crime) - 2030. There was an increase of 7 times, and taking into account latent crime - 20-25 times.

In this way, state of the art and the dynamics of crime in Russia show that it is developing (as in the whole world) according to the law of social regularity. The peculiarities of its tendencies are connected with the serious problems that Russia faced on the threshold of the 21st century. Without understanding them, it is hardly possible to correctly interpret these trends, and hence develop an adequate strategy to combat crime. In this regard, it is hardly legitimate to consider the activities of law enforcement agencies, and, above all, internal affairs agencies, as the main means of deterring crime.

"In order to ensure a controlled increase in crime at a socially tolerable level, it is necessary efficient system crime prevention, including, along with a strong socio-economic policy of the state, also professionally trained and equipped law enforcement, effective public formations and active citizens countries".

Rice. 1. Dynamics of crime in the USSR, CIS and RF, 1920-2000

Characteristic features of crime in the 20s: high overall crime rate; the predominance of serious crimes in its structure; political, counter-revolutionary nature of many of them. In 1936, there was a decrease in crime in comparison with 1929 in the republic by a factor of two or three.

The structure of crime has also changed. In 1925-1927. in the first place were crimes against the order of government, the second place was occupied by property crimes. By 1927 they were in third place (after crimes against the person)

In the 40-50s. the structure of crime, its state has changed, but in general, despite the difficulties of the war, post-war period, the trend of reducing crime has been preserved.

After 1966, in connection with the intensification of the fight against certain types of crimes, the improvement of criminal statistics, there was a certain increase in the number of registered crimes, especially hooliganism.

In the following decades, there was a further change in the structure of crime towards a decrease in the proportion of serious crimes and dangerous forms of crime. State crimes did not account for 1%.

The proportion of the most common crimes in the 70s. distributed as follows: hooliganism - 25-28%, theft of socialist property (except for small ones) - 15-18%, crimes against personal property (theft, robbery, robbery) - 14-16%, crimes against a person (murder, grievous bodily harm , rape) -6-7%.

During the years of stagnation, there has been a significant increase in crime, in particular its serious types. In the decade from 1973 to 1983, the total number of annually committed crimes almost doubled. In the mid 80s. crime rates have declined somewhat.

During the period of perestroika and the collapse of the USSR, there was a steady increase in crime, which reached impressive rates by the mid-90s. Factors: mass impoverishment as a result of reforms carried out by the authorities, loss of moral guidelines, alcoholism, etc. Ethnic conflicts are aggravated. There is an increase in professional crime, corruption, an increase illegal traffic drugs, economic crime and other types of crime are on the rise. The period of reforms in Russia was associated with fundamental changes public relations which found a natural reflection in the change of criminal legislation. The most significant of them were in 1993 and 1994, as well as in 1997 (with the introduction of the new Criminal Code of the Russian Federation)

Characteristics of crime in Russia and in foreign countries in the modern period

The level of registered crime and criminal record in Russia: in 1990 it was 1.8 million and 537 thousand; in 1991 -2.1 million and 593 thousand; in 1992 - 2.8 million and 661 thousand; in 1993 - 2.79 million and 650 thousand; in 1994 - 2.6 million and 926 thousand; in 1995 - 2.7 million and 875 thousand in 1996 - 2.6 million; in 1997 - 2.4 million; in 1998 - 2.6 million; in 1999 - 3.00 - 2.95 million, in 2001 - 2.96. (submitted by the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation)

1. The first place in terms of severity in the structure of crime is occupied by violent crimes. In 2001, about 33,000 premeditated murders and attempted murders, more than 55,000 intentional grievous bodily injuries, and more than 8,000 rapes and attempted rapes were registered.

2. Economic crime has become widespread (credit and banking abuse and counterfeiting, in the field of foreign economic activity; in the consumer market; in the field of privatization, etc.) 1992 - a boom in financial crime in Russia (bank abuse through bribery, forgery, fraud , embezzlement; falsification of money and securities)

3. Organized crime. In 1996, 26.4 thousand crimes committed organized groups. As a rule, ϶ᴛᴏ theft, extortion, illegal transactions with currency values, smuggling, etc.

4. There will be an internationalization of crime - interaction with foreign criminal gangs, mainly in crimes such as counterfeiting money, business and immigration fraud, robbery, robbery, car theft, smuggling.

4. Juvenile delinquency in 2001 in relation to the general level of crime was 6%.

5. In 1996, recidivist crime in proportion to all those convicted was 33%.

6. Against the background of the aggravation of interethnic conflicts, the statistics of terrorist crimes and hostage-taking have increased. The number of committed crimes of this nature allows us to say that a special war is being waged without mass mobilization, a war that has no boundaries. Radical measures are needed to strengthen law enforcement system countries to prevent these crimes.

In foreign countries, the structure of crime has many common features. Crimes against property predominate (70% - Germany, 90% - Japan), the rest are violent crimes.

The structure of acquisitive crimes is dominated by theft, for example car theft in the United States.

Violent crimes: Japan - 2%, USA -11%, England - 5%, 72% of them are violent acts against the person, 17% are robberies, 11% are sexual crimes.